For updating dependent data, you have three options.
1. Issuing an update by association. Here the URI will point to the dependent entity and you update the main entity and dependent entity in separate requests.
2. Using Deep Insert. This is ideal for parent child relationships. Ex: Sales Order and Sales Order items. But as per OData you can only do a 'Create', not 'Update'. Though in ABAP, you can use it as an update request, but not recommended.
3. If you want to update main and dependent entity in one single call, you can think about using $batch of oData protocol. Batch also ensures the atomicness of data (update all or none).
Thanks
Krishna